La història de la ciència sovint ha tractat injustament al naturalista francès Jean Baptiste Lamarck (Somme, 01/08/1744 – París, 18/12/1829), pioner en defensar la idea de l’evolució i un dels primers en proposar una teoria coherent sobre l’evolució de la vida.
Tot i així, Lamarck s’acostuma a presentar com precursor de Charles Robert Darwin (Shrewsbury, 12/02/1809 – Downe, 19/04/1882), posant l’èmfasi en que va cometre un error en proposar l’herència dels caràcters adquirits per explicar el mecanisme de canvi de les espècies. D’altra banda se’l vincula obsessivament amb el desafortunat exemple de l’allargament del coll de les girafes.
En general, l’obra de Lamarck s’analitza sempre en comparació a la de Darwin, la qual cosa resta originalitat a l’obra lamarckiana. En gran manera, resulta absurd. L’any de publicació de l’obra principal de Lamarck, Filosofia Zoològica (1809), coincideix amb l’any de naixement de Darwin, de manera que Lamarck no podia conèixer les teories de Darwin.
Amb tot, Darwin esdevé el gran mite de la biologia, mentre Lamarck queda, si més no, com un babau.
Amb l’ànim de reivindicar Lamarck com un dels naturalistes més grans de tots els temps l’Institut d’Estudis Catalans ha publicat recentment la seva obra cabdal, Filosofia Zoològica, dins la col·lecció “Clàssics de la ciència”. És la primera vegada que aquesta obra és traduïda al català, existint dues versions anteriors en castellà.
La publicació de l’Origen de les espècies, l’any 1859, va catapultar Darwin a l’èxit, essent reconegut com un gran científic, alhora que la figura de Lamarck quedava eclipsada. En ocasions, el mateix Darwin i alguns dels seus seguidors negaren a Lamarck el més mínim protagonisme i el desacreditaren.
A finals del segle XIX es varen produir virulents enfrontaments entre els neolamarckistes i els neodarwinistes, enfrontaments que es varen acabar saldant amb l’exaltació de Darwin i la desqualificació de Lamarck.
Lamarck, però, aportà gran quantitat de dades i observacions molt rigoroses, les quals varen resultar claus pel desenvolupament de la teoria de l’evolució. Així, Lamarck va ser un naturalista extraordinari, el qual va destacar en molts i diversos camps, com ara, la botànica, la zoologia dels invertebrats o la paleontologia. Lamarck és conegut, a més, com a responsable de la creació del terme “biologia”.
D'acord... m'he passat. Filosofia zoològica no és un llibre fàcil de llegir, però potser alguns nois o noies us animeu a llegir una mica de literatura científica... A més, aquesta és la Setmana de la Ciència.
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The applicant picks up the application for company name preapproval from the local Administration of Industry and Commerce (AIC), or otherwise, downloads the form from AIC’s Web site. The applicant completes and signs the application form and files it along with his or her identity card. The applicant must be one of the company shareholders. Effective July 1, 2004, enterprise name registration must follow the amended State Administration of Industry and Commerce (SAIC) rules (that is, the new Enterprise Name Registration Administration Implementing Measures, or Qi ye ming cheng deng ji guan li shi shi ban fa). According to the new registration rules, if the applicant goes directly to the AIC, a proposed company name is approved or rejected on the spot. This is newly regulated by Article 24 of the aforementioned measures and is implemented in practice. However if the application is made through mail, fax, email, etc, the proposed company name will be approved or rejected within 15 days.
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It can also be useful to find a reliable Chinese ally to work with you. He or she will be able to help with language or cultural problems and will also be able to understand Chinese body language. Remember too that a visit by a westerner is often seen as a great honour by Chinese companies.
You must remember to respect ‘face’. Face means having high status with your peers. Face can be lost, given or earned. Never criticize or insult someone in front of others, as losing face will make it impossible to make a deal. On the other hand, if you praise someone by saying good things about him or her, then he or she will gain face, but be careful not to do it too much.
How to do business in china
Accept the pecking order. Hierarchy is very important in China, and the group is more important than the individual. In business, Chinese people often don't like taking responsibility individually and may also not like giving opinions in front of peers, in case they lose face.
All these tricks of the trade can help you to play the game and do business successfully in China. Be prepared, and be patient if you want to be a winner in China.
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